Common Misconceptions Around Breast Cancer Causes, Treatments, and Prognosis
October is widely recognized as Breast Cancer Awareness Month, a time to bring attention to the disease that affects millions of women—and men—worldwide. Despite the awareness efforts and scientific advancements over the years, numerous misconceptions about breast cancer persist. These myths often lead to unnecessary anxiety, misunderstandings about the disease, and even harmful behaviors when it comes to prevention, treatment, and prognosis.
In this article, we will debunk some of the most common myths surrounding breast cancer, using accurate, science-based information to help clarify the real causes, effective treatments, and prognosis for those diagnosed with the disease.
01
Myth: Only Women Get Breast Cancer
Fact: While breast cancer predominantly affects women, men can also develop the disease.
Although male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses, it’s important to recognize that men are at risk, too. Men possess a small amount of breast tissue where cancer can develop, and like women, they should be aware of any unusual changes such as lumps or nipple discharge. In fact, because male breast cancer is often overlooked, it is typically diagnosed at a later stage, which can affect outcomes.
What science says: According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 2,710 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in men in 2024, and around 530 men will die from the disease. Early detection and awareness are critical, regardless of gender.
02
Myth: A Lump in the Breast Always Indicates Cancer
Fact: Not all lumps in the breast are cancerous.
One of the most common fears surrounding breast cancer is the belief that a breast lump automatically means cancer. However, many breast lumps are benign (non-cancerous) and can result from other conditions, such as cysts or fibroadenomas. Breast tissue naturally changes throughout a person’s life, particularly during hormonal shifts like menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause.
What science says: The National Cancer Institute states that up to 80% of breast lumps are benign. That said, any new or unusual lump should be evaluated by a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis. Early detection is key to addressing breast cancer or other conditions effectively.
03
Myth: Breast Cancer Always Comes with a Family History
Fact: The majority of people diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history of the disease.
While a family history of breast cancer can increase your risk, it’s important to note that about 85% of breast cancers occur in individuals with no family history of the disease. The presence of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation, which can be inherited, does raise the likelihood of developing breast cancer, but these genetic mutations account for only 5-10% of all breast cancer cases.
What science says: Many factors contribute to the risk of breast cancer, including age, gender, and lifestyle choices. Everyone, regardless of family history, should be vigilant about breast cancer screening. Mammograms and clinical breast exams are critical tools for early detection.
04
Myth: Wearing a Bra or Using Antiperspirant Causes Breast Cancer
Fact: There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that wearing a bra or using antiperspirants increases the risk of breast cancer.
This myth has persisted for years, stemming from the idea that wearing tight-fitting bras (especially underwire bras) could restrict lymphatic drainage, leading to toxin build-up and cancer. Similarly, concerns have been raised about antiperspirants blocking sweat glands and causing toxins to accumulate near the breast.
What science says: Extensive research, including studies from the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute, has shown that neither bras nor antiperspirants are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Cancer is caused by genetic mutations, and environmental factors such as hormones, radiation, and carcinogens—not by everyday products like deodorants.
05
Myth: Breast Cancer Only Affects Older Women
Fact: While age is a significant risk factor, younger women can and do get breast cancer.
It’s true that the risk of breast cancer increases with age, and most diagnoses occur in women over 50. However, breast cancer can and does develop in younger women. In fact, around 11% of all new cases of breast cancer in the United States are found in women under the age of 45. Younger women diagnosed with breast cancer often face different challenges, including more aggressive types of the disease, fertility concerns, and longer treatment durations.
What science says: According to the CDC, women of any age should be aware of their breast health and discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider. Early detection methods such as self-exams and screenings are important for all women, not just those over 50.
06
Myth: Breast Cancer is Always a Death Sentence
Fact: Advances in detection and treatment have dramatically improved breast cancer survival rates.
One of the most frightening myths about breast cancer is that a diagnosis automatically leads to death. While breast cancer is serious and requires treatment, the prognosis for many patients is good, especially when detected early. With advancements in treatment options, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, survival rates have improved significantly.
What science says: The five-year survival rate for women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (stage 0 or stage 1) is about 99%. Even in cases where breast cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes (stage 2 or 3), the survival rate remains high at around 86%. According to the American Cancer Society, the overall five-year survival rate for breast cancer is about 90%, and many patients live long, healthy lives after treatment.
07
Myth: Mammograms Can Cause Breast Cancer
Fact: The radiation exposure from a mammogram is minimal and not enough to cause cancer.
Some individuals are concerned that the radiation from mammograms may cause breast cancer. However, the amount of radiation used during a mammogram is very low and is carefully regulated. The benefits of detecting breast cancer early far outweigh any potential risks from radiation exposure.
What science says: Mammograms are considered the gold standard for early detection of breast cancer. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the radiation dose from a mammogram is about 0.4 millisieverts (mSv), which is roughly equivalent to the amount of background radiation a person naturally receives over seven weeks. Regular mammograms, starting at the recommended age (typically 40-50, depending on individual risk factors), are vital in detecting breast cancer early when it is most treatable.
08
Myth: If You Have a Double Mastectomy, You Won’t Get Breast Cancer
Fact: While a double mastectomy significantly reduces the risk of breast cancer, it does not completely eliminate it.
A double mastectomy, the surgical removal of both breasts, is a preventive measure sometimes taken by women who have a high genetic risk for breast cancer (e.g., those with BRCA gene mutations). However, it’s important to understand that it does not entirely eliminate the risk, as some breast tissue may remain, and breast cancer can develop in other areas of the body.
What science says: Studies show that a double mastectomy can reduce the risk of breast cancer by about 90-95% in high-risk women. However, the remaining breast tissue, though minimal, can still develop cancer cells. Ongoing screenings and check-ups are necessary even after this procedure.
09
Myth: Breast Cancer Treatment is the Same for Everyone
Fact: Breast cancer treatment is highly individualized, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach.
Another common misconception is that breast cancer treatments are uniform for all patients. In reality, treatments vary widely depending on the stage of the cancer, the specific type of breast cancer, hormone receptor status, and the patient’s overall health. Some women may only need surgery, while others may require a combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.
What science says: Advances in personalized medicine mean that treatments are becoming more targeted based on the genetic profile of the tumor. For example, hormone receptor-positive cancers may respond well to hormone-blocking therapies, while HER2-positive cancers may be treated with targeted therapies like Herceptin. The goal is to create a treatment plan that is most effective for each individual’s unique situation.
10
Myth: Once Treatment Ends, Breast Cancer Is Gone for Good
Fact: Breast cancer can recur, but ongoing monitoring and lifestyle changes can reduce the risk.
For many survivors, the belief that once treatment is over, breast cancer is cured for life can be misleading. Breast cancer can recur months, years, or even decades after the initial diagnosis. Recurrence happens when cancer cells remain in the body after treatment and eventually grow again.
What science says: According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the risk of recurrence depends on the original cancer stage and characteristics. Regular follow-up appointments, lifestyle modifications (such as maintaining a healthy diet and exercise), and taking prescribed medications (like tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive cancers) can significantly reduce the likelihood of recurrence.
Breast Cancer Awareness and Education Are Key
As we observe Breast Cancer Awareness Month this October, it’s important to continue spreading accurate information about the disease. Breast cancer is complex, but advances in research, prevention, and treatment have made it more manageable than ever before. By dispelling myths and relying on science-based facts, we empower individuals to take charge of their breast health, seek timely medical care, and improve their chances of long-term survival.